The Codex and the Illuminated Manuscript | 1st century AD

Post an example of a scroll.

What were the drawbacks of the scroll?
They were able to make the writing a lot easier for everyone to read in there cultrual. 

Post an example of a codex.

What is a codex?
They are symbols of all the different kinds of people that have swords and want to make things obvious to take advantage of all the people.


"Codex" is derived from the Latin meaning "block of wood". Why?
They stop all the bad people from coming into their cave.

What is the difference between "sequential access" and "random access"?
They make everything by hand, they don't make things so that they can come in.

What were the advantages of using the codex?
To keep people away form there cave.


What helped spread the use of the codex?
All the symbols they have made in the cave.


What replaced papyrus? Describe the process used to create it?
Its a type of font, thats now on WORD, Its kind of slangy and broken letters.


What is vellum?
A piece off fabric that has a loud noise that usually goes on shoes.

Name several examples of current technology that utilizes the format of the codex?
-The Scroll
- Codex
- Appoint
- Random access
What led to a period of cultural and economical deterioration?
The Manuscript


Post an example of an illuminated manuscript.

Who began creating books by hand, taking the creation to an art form?
Many people from the ancient home, and many people think that all the people from the future were going to make everything harder from them.


What does "illumination" refer to? What was included in this ornamentation?
No one knows who made them.


What tool was used for creating the illuminated manuscripts?
The feather.


Why were these manuscripts reserved for religious purposes?
To scare everyone away.


What is craftsmanship? Why is it important?
A great umber have vanished due to various invasions.

The Roman Alphabet | 7th Century BC

What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
sign prepress one spoken sound


What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
Irregular and straight written left to right, inclined with a stylus

Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
it was different from another writing method at that time
because of their trading cultural their alphabet spread into parts of africa and europe


From where did serifs originate?
It was the only way they can communicate with ethers, and show each and one another the different ways to draw in art, but to express themselves in a unique way.

When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?
When they did lowercase letters and minuscule letters they found each one of them easier to read than the actual english language.

What is a ligature and why were they utilized?

They were utilized b communicating the different letters and how they seem to be and like to be different.


Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form. 

The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC

How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?

- At the time which used complex characters and were difficult to learn.

How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?

- trading cultural of the Phoenician merchants spread the use of the alphabet into parts of north africa and europe.

Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet?

- its simplicity allowed it to be used in multiple languages.

Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets?

1. Simplicity
2. Royalty
3. Disintegrated
4. Emerged
5. Adaptions

- it aslo allowed common people to learn how to write.

Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form. 

The Phoenician Alphabet | 1050 BC

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?

-Scholars believed it to be a direct variation of Hieroglyphics

Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them?

- others hypothesized ties with cuneiform or an independent creation.

What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful?

- based on the principle that one sign represents one spoken sound.

What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?








-This system contrasted with other scripts at the time which used complex characters and were difficult to lear
Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.

Hieroglyphics and the egyptians | 3,000 BC

In the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt? 

1. persians
2. greeks
3. romans

Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.

What was discovered on the inside of the temples?

-carved painted images on every wall and surface
Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?

- that hieroglyphics came into existence a short while after cuneifrom

What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?
(Logograms_ visual symbols representing ideas or objects) 
(Alphabetic_variations came later as the language evolved into demotic)

The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words?

1. Hiero- Sacred
2. Glyphic- Engraving or wrighting

What is a scribe?


- is a school to learn and how to read or write.
Who else was trained to read and write? Why?
































- Military leader were trained as scribes so they could communicate while in battle.


Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.

What is papyrus and how was it made?

- Could read and write instructions on the walls and papyrus for rituals which were performed to please the gods and goddesses.

What is a substrate?

- also responsible for writing a set of scrolls for pharaohs and other important Egyptians on papyrus.

What were the Books of the Dead?

- Were usually commissioned by the users themselves before death.

How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?

- Greeks and romans rules egypt few were capable of reading or writing.






















Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.

What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?


-French soldiers spotted a slab with inscriptions on it. 


What three languages are included on the stone?

1. Egyptian Hieroglyphics
2. Demotic
3. Greek

Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?


- A chunk of the stone was missing none of the three texts were complete.


Who finally deciphered the text? What was his breakthrough?


- Made rubbings of the text and sent them to other scholars in france seeking help


Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?


- The british invaded egypt and defeated Napoleon and his army.

Cuneiform and the Sumerians | 3,000 BC

The Sumerians were one of the earliest types of this kind of civilization? What does that mean?

- It means that Skilled artist. One of the earlist nomadic civilizations who migrated to sumer now known as the southern iraq around 3500BC
Why is the region of Sumer considered the Cradle of Civilization?


- Where cuneiform was created the words first written language. 

What could the Sumerians practice year round because of the regions climate?

- Because of the regions climate the sumerians were able to practice year round agricultrule. The surplus of food allowed them to stay.

Post an example of early Cuneiform (Sumerian pictograph).

Why was Cuneiform created?


-to help keep track of these business transactions

What medium was used to "write" Cuneiform? Explain the process of preparing and writing on this surface?
-Wet clay.

1. Form it into flat surfaces
2. use a wedge shaped stylus made from reed to make imprecations into the clay surface.
3. Lay clay tables in the sun allowing them to dry and harden making them permanent.

What did Cuneiform begin as a series of? 

- Pictographs became more abstract number of characters continued to grow, the cuneiform evolved into a wedge shaped language.










Post an example of evolved Cuneiform (wedge-shaped).

After it evolved over time, what shape did the characters of Cuneiform evolve into?

- became a target for many invading civilizations.


Post an example of Akkadian Cuneiform.

After the Akkadians conquered, what happened to the Sumerian culture and written language?

- Adopted the sumerians culture and their written language
What is a pictograph?

- a way of cuneiform to communicate with other languages.

Why did the creation of Cuneiform allow the Sumerians to become a sophisticated culture?


- led by sargon the great. Conquered the suzerains and other surrounding civilizations.

Visual Organization!

Not directing the audience through a design is misdirecting them!

Eye Movement:

1. Controlling eye movement within a composition is a matter directing the natural scanning tendency of the view's eye. 
2. The eye tends to gravitate towards areas of complexity first. In pictures of people, the eye is always attracted to the face and particularly the eye.
3. Light areas of a composition will attract the eye, especially when adjacent to a dark area.
4. Diagonal lines or edges will guide eye movement.

Optical Center:

1. The spot where the human eyes tends to enter the page. Optical center is slightly above mathematical (or exact) center and just to the left. 
2. It takes a compelling element to pull your eyes away from this spot.

Z Pattern:

1. Our visual pattern makes a sweep of the page, generally, in the shape of a Z.

Font Guideline:

1. No more than 2 fonts. 
2. Wanna make sure that those two fonts compliment each other.
3. avoid all caps
4. Choose the right font (To the theme or tone)
5. ∂o not over use fancy and complicated fonts(curly, decorative, script)

• www.typography/email/2010_032010_03/index.htm

Visual Hierarchy 


-Will establish focal pints based on their importance to the message thats being communicated.
=A crucial part of the design process is to established an order of element, a visual structure, to help the viewer absorbs the informations provided by a design.

• ASK YOURSELF THE FOLLOWING...

1. What do i want my viewer to look at first?
2. What do i want my viewer to look at second?
3. What do i want my viewer to look at third?

#1 CAVE PAINTINGS

What are cave paintings?

-Beautiful, Detailed and colorful Representations found on the inside of cave walls and ceilings.

Name several common themes found in cave paintings?

-Western Europe, Australia, Africa, and china.

How were these paintings created (tools, pigments)?

They were traced. Water, Paint juices, animal blood, soil, and charcoal.

What is the most famous cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?

- 35,000 years ago. Lascaux

Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave.

Why did this cave have to be closed? What was done to satisfy public curiosity?

- Its too old, and being damages by the carbon dioxide.

Post an example of cave painting(s) from Altamira cave.

In Altamira cave, why do most of the paintings have a red hue?

It was also had to be shut down because of carbon dioxide damage.

It had to be red hue, because that’s the only colors that they could use.

Who discovered this site? How old are the paintings confirmed to be?

Chauvet- Point Arc.

What is the oldest known cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?

-95,000 years ago.

Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave.

What was different about the painting techniques at this site?

-They are used to be specified as a unique painting. No one knows why they did it. But it was shown to written as symbols.

What is "speleologist"?

-Someone who studies paintings.

What three reasons do archeologists and historians believe prehistoric man created cave paintings?

-   Created For magical Or Religious reasons.

-   That if an image of a desired event

-   Paintings might come true.